SURFACE CATCHES OF MARINE DIATOMS AND 
DINOFLAGELLATES MADE BY U.S.S. PIONEER 
BETWEEN SAN DIEGO AND SEATTLE IN 1923 


BY 

WINFRED EMORY ALLEN 


University of California Publications in Zoology 
Volume 26, No. 12, pp. 243-248, plate 25 


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BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
1924 



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SURFACE CATCHES OF MARINE DIATOMS AND 
DINOFLAGELLATES MADE BY U.S.S. PIONEER 
BETWEEN SAN DIEGO AND SEATTLE IN 1923 


BY 

WINFRED EMORY ALLEN 


University op California Publications in Zoology 
Volume 26, No. 12, pp. 243-248, plate 25 
Issued June 24, 1924 








SURFACE CATCHES OF MARINE DIATOMS AND 
DINOFLAGELLATES WADE BY U..S.S. 
PIONEER BETWEEN SAN DIEGO 
AND SEATTLE IN 1923 

BY 

WINFRED EMORY ALLEN 

(Contribution from Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California) * 


In the latter part of February, 1923, the United States Coast 
and Geodetic Survey Steamer Pioneer ended her winter work in the 
San Diego region and turned northward to prepare for summer work 
in Alaskan waters. On the northward trip, hourly collections were 
taken in the same way that they had been taken in the San Diego 
region (Allen, 1923). This series of collections was continuous to 
San Francisco. Collecting was resumed the first week in' April and 
was again continuous as far as Seattle. It comprises a total of 119 
catches from fifteen miles north of San Diego to a point near Seattle 
in Puget Sound. 

On account of the uniform frequency of sampling in this series, 
it has seemed desirable to make somewhat different designations of 
regional units from those formerly used (Allen, 1922). Although 
arbitrarily selected, the limits of these re'gions have been largely 
determined by the more prominent coastal topographic features. (See 
map, fig. 1.) The position of the last catch in each region has been 
taken as the distal boundary of that region. 

In seven out of -the^ eleven regions designated, at least a few 
diatoms were recorded for every catch. Of dinoflagellates, this was 
true in only two regions. In five regions, the largest catch of diatoms, 
and in four regions the average number of diatoms to the catch, were 
greater than 50,000 to the liter. In only two regions did catches of 
dinoflagellates reach 1000 to the liter, and in no region was the 
average to the catch so great as 1000 to the liter. (See table 1.) 

Fifty-one species of diatoms, representing twenty-two genera, were 
recorded between San Diego and Seattle. The more important of 

* Published by permission of Col. E. Lester Jones, Director of the TJ. S. Coast 
and Geodetic Survey. 




244 


University of California, Publications in Zoology [Vol. 26 



Numbers per liter. 



























1924 ] 


Allen: Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates 


245 


these had already been observed in the catches made by McEwen 
and Mortensen in 1920 (Allen, 1922). In the main, the same forms 
tended to prominence, although Nitzschia seriata Cl. was much less 
conspicuous than in the catches of 1920. Only in the Santa Barbara 
region did this species attain a place in the list of five most abundant 
forms. 

Eight genera represented by ten species were found to be among 
the five most numerous forms in one or more regions. Of these, the 
most prominent numerically was Skeletonema costatum (Grev), which 
occupied first place in four regions out of the six in which it was 
conspicuous. The genus Chaetoceras was second to Skeletonema only 
in numbers. In constancy of representation, it was, as usual, first. 
The specimens of this genus were mostly small and difficult to segre¬ 
gate, for which reasons the record is somewhat unsatisfactory. Small 
forms listed as Chaetoceras sp. were found in all regions. In addition, 
Chaetoceras debile Cl. (sometimes including Civ. curvisetum Cl.) and 
Chaetoceras scolopendra (Cl.) were notable in some regions. In this 
particular series, the genus Chaetoceras appears to be relatively much 
more prominent south of Monterey than in any region farther north. 

The genus third in prominence in this series was Thalassiosira. 
Identification of the species was not fully satisfactory. Only two, 
Thalassiosira baltica (Grun) and Th. gravida Cl., were recorded 
although there may have been as many as four or five species present 
in some catches. This genus showed some prominence in the southerly 
regions, but it was so very abundant in the regions of Columbia River, 
Destruction Island, and Puget Sound as to suggest the idea that 
northerly conditions especially favor it. 

Asterionella was more conspicuous than in most series and it was 
especially noticeable near San Francisco. Heretofore, only one 
species of this genus had been noticed, Asterionella japonica Cl., 
but in the course of study it became evident that another species, 
Asterionella kariana Grun, was also present. This species seems to 
be very fragile in many colonies, all the distal points of the cells 
being broken. This breakage probably led to more or less error in 
identification even after the presence of a second (and possibly a 
third) species was recognized, but it is very probable that A. japonica 
Cl. is, in this series, more prominent in the southerly regions, while 
A. kariana Grun is more prominent in the northerly regions. 

Bacteriastrum, Grammatophora, and Eucampia are the other three 
genera which had representatives among the five most prominent 


246 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 26 

forms in some regions, but there is nothing in the showing made by 
them which requires particular attention in this connection. 

The catches of 1920 (Allen, 1922) did not give any strong indi¬ 
cation that the species studied were peculiar to any particular section 
between San Diego and Puget Sound. It is therefore especially 
interesting to note that this more continuous series at a different 
season does give some evidence of restricted geographic range of 
some pelagic diatoms; e.g., the greater prominence of the genus 
Chaetoceras southerly, of Skeletonema medially, and of Thalassiosira 
northerly, and the possible difference in range of the two species of 
Asterionella, just mentioned. 

As to geographic difference in quantity production, there are some 
interesting points. In 1920, the largest individual catches were made 
in the regions near to or north of Cape Mendocino. In this series, 
the largest catches were made in the San Francisco region, consider¬ 
ably south of that point (table 1 and fig. 1). Furthermore, the aver¬ 
age production of catches in the San Francisco region is only slightly 
less than in the region of Destruction Island. On the other hand, 
only thirteen out of the sixty-five catches south of Cape Mendocino 
contained more than 10,000 to the liter while thirty-three of the fifty- 
four catches north of Cape Mendocino exceeded that number. Super¬ 
ficially, this seems to be strong indication that productivity is greater 
in higher latitudes. It is, however, one thing to say that higher 
latitudes are places of greater production and quite another thing to 
say that they cause greater production in the sea. For example, they 
may merely mark the region in which land drainage most favorably 
influences marine productivity. The showing in the San Francisco 
region makes it desirable to delay the statement of a conclusion until 
we are sure that latitude exerts a determining influence instead of 
merely accompanying such an influence. (Allen, 1922, p. 143.) 

Although it was not possible to make hydrographic observations to 
accompany this series of collections, records of temperatures at times 
of collecting were regularly made. These temperature records are 
partly summarized in the middle columns of table 1. As might be 
expected, this summary, shows a steady lowering of temperatures 
toward the north. Six out of eleven maximum catches were taken in 
temperatures slightly below the average for the region, but there is 
no special significance in this isolated fact. The fact that the two 
most consistently productive regions were those of lowest temperature 
while that of largest production was of a somewhat higher temperature 


1924] Allen: Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates 247 

is important because it adds to the evidence that, under ordinary 
circumstances, temperature is not a directly determining factor in 
productivity of marine diatoms. 

In considering the evidence of productivity in this series of catches, 
it should be remembered that the southerly regions were traversed 
in late February (not usually a highly productive month), while the 
northerly regions were traversed in April (in some years the most 
productive month). For that reason, direct comparison of areas 
south of San Francisco with areas north of that point is rather 
unsatisfactory. So far as we really know, the southerly sections may 
also have been heavily productive in April. Still, it is not probable 
that the relative conditions of temperature were very different in 
the two months, since it is known that southerly sections get some of 
their coldest water in March and early April. 

At this time of year, the greatest change in any single environ¬ 
mental condition is supposed to be in the effect of the sun’s rays. 
There are excellent general and theoretic reasons for connecting 
vernal increase in productivity with solar influence, but, unfortun¬ 
ately, that is one factor concerning which marine researches are almost 
entirely lacking. 

Comparison of productivity of regions in this series with that 
of those in the 1920 series shows that the Destruction Island and San 
Francisco regions were highly productive in all three cases (McEwen 
in summer, Mortensen through fall, and the Pioneer in early spring). 
The Point St. George region was poorly productive in all cases while 
the Yakina Head region was most productive in Mortensen’s catches 
and very poor in MoEwen’s and those of the Pioneer. Thus we find 
additional evidence that some regions may be highly variable in pro¬ 
ductivity according to season or circumstance. On the other hand, 
it seems probable that some regions, e.g., Destruction Island, may 
always show relatively high productivity as compared with other 
regions. 

It is not possible at present to make a conclusive statement essen¬ 
tially different from that concerning the 1920 series (Allen, 1922). 
This is, however, an appropriate place to emphasize the fact that, with 
such vessels as the Pioneer, plankton collecting of very high value can 
be done, and that the spirit of cooperation shown by the officers and 
men of the U.S.S. Pioneer is exceedingly encouraging for more rapid 
and effective advances in oceanic research. The enthusiasm of the 
administrative officers of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 
Washington is also encouraging and deserving of high commendation. 


248 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 26 


LITERATURE CITED 


Allen, W. E. 

1922. Observations on surface distribution of marine diatoms between San 

Diego and Seattle. Ecology, 3, 140-145. 

1923. Statistical studies of marine diatoms of the San Diego region collected 

by U.S.S. Pioneer in midwinter 1923. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 22, 
445-448. 


» 


UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 26 


[ALLEN] PLATE 25 


130 ° 


125 


120 “ 


Puget Sound Region 
Destruction Is. Region 

Columbia RiVer Region 


45 ° 



yaki na Head Region. 


Pt.St. George Region 


40 ° 


35 ° 


Pt. Arena Region 


San Francisco Region 
Monterey Region 


Piedras Blancas Re g ion 


Santa Barbara Region 
Catalina Is. Region 


130 ° 


125 ‘ 


120 ° 


Fig. 1. Map Diagram of Pacific Coast of United States. Regional 
Boundaries indicated by dotted lines. 







































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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS—(Continued) 

12. Endamoeba dysenteriae In the Lymph Glands of Man in Hodgkin's Disease, 

by Charles A. Kofoid, Luther M. Boyers, M.D., and Olive Swezy. Pp. 309- 
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Nos. 11 and 12 in one cover. April, 1922 ...... .26 

13. Mitosis in the Encysted Stages of Endamoeba colt (Loesch), by Olive 

Swezy. Pp. 313-332, plates 29-31. May, 1922 .... .30 

14. The Neuromotor Apparatus of Paramaecium, by Charles William Rees. 

Pp. 333-364; plates 32-36, 5 figures in text. November, 1922___46 

16. A Comparison of the Cysts of Endamoeba colt and Councilmania lafleuri in 

Congo Red, by Nathaniel Bercovitz, M.D. Pp. 365-371. February, 1923. .26 

16. On the Morphology and Behavior of Pentatrichomonas ardin delteili (Der- 

rieu and Raynaud), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 
373-390, plate 37, 1 figure in text. August, 1923.. .26 

17. The Pseudopodial Method of Feeding by Trichonymphid Flagellates Para¬ 

sitic in Wood-eating Termites, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 391-400, 14 figs, in 
text. August, 1923.........26 

18. Methods of Obtai nin g Amoeba-free Rats for Experimental Infection with 

Intestinal Amoebae, by John F. KesseL Pp. 401-408. 

19. Experimental Infection of Rats and Mice with the Common Intestinal 

Amoebae of Man, by John F. Kessel. Pp. 409-430, plates 38-39. 

Nos. 18 and 19 in one cover. October, 1923...... .50 

20. On the Genus Councilmania, Budding Intestinal Amoebae Parasitic in Man 

and Rodents, by Charles A. Kofoid, Olive Swezy, and John F. KesseL 
Pp. 431-445, 19 figures in text. October, 1923.... .26 

21. Morphology and Binary Fission of Menoidium incurvum (Fres.) Klebs, 

by Richard P. Hall. Pp. 447-476, plates 40-41, 2 figures in text. Novem¬ 
ber, 1923 .............. J50 

22. A Skin Reaction to Extracts of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania in¬ 

fantum, by Edna Hannibal Wagener. Pp. 477-488, plate 42. December, 

1923 ...... .26 

23. The Distinguishing Characteristics of the Parasitic Amoebae of Culture 

Rats and Mice, by John F. Kessel. Pp. 489-544, plates 43-48, 3 figures 

in text. February, 1924 .76 

Vol. 21. 1. A Revision of the Microtus californicus Group of Meadow Mice, by Reming¬ 
ton Kellogg. Pp. 1-42, 1 figure in text. December, 1918 _ J50 

2. Five New Five-toed Kangaroo Rats from California, by Joseph Grinnell. 

Pp. 43-47. March, 1919..:............. .05 

3. Notes on the Natural History of the Bushy-tailed Wood Rats of California, 

by Joseph Dixon. Pp. 49-74, plates 1-3, 3 figures in text. December, 1919 .25 

4. Revision of the Avian Genus Passerella, with Special Reference to the Dis¬ 

tribution and Migration of the Races in California, by EL S. Swarth. Pp. 

75-224, plates 4-7, 30 figures in text. September, 1920 ... 91.76 

6. A Study of the California Jumping Mice of the Genus Zapus, by A. Brazier 

Howell. Pp. 225-238, 1 figure in text. May, 1920 ._.... .18 

6. Two New Rodents (Genera Thomomys and Marmota) from the Eastern 

Border of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 239-244, 6 figures in text. 
November, 1921 ......... .16 

7. A Study of the Californian Forms of the Microtus montanus Group of 

Meadow Mice, by Remington Kellogg. Pp. 245-274, 25 figures in text. 

8. A Synopsis of the Microtus mordax Group of Meadow Mice in California, 

by Remington Kellogg. Pp. 275-302, plate 8, 29 figures in text. 

Nos. 7 and 8 in one cover. April 1922..-.- .76 

9. Behavior of the Leaf-nosed Snake, Phyllorhynchus decurtatus, by Sarah 

Rogers Atsatt. Pp. 303-312. February, 1923 .... .26 

10. A Systematic List of the Mammals of California, by Joseph Grinnell. 

Pp. 313-324. January, 1923.26 

11. The Systematic Status of the Mountain Lion of California, by Joseph 

Grinnell and Joseph Dixon. Pp. 325-332, plates 9-10. April, 1923..— .25 

12. New Subspecies of Birds from Patagonia, by Alexander Wetmore. Pp. 

333-337. June, 1923 ..-.26 

13. Revision of the Genus Lynx in California, by Joseph Grinnell and Joseph 

Dixon. Pp. 339-354, plate 11, 1 figure in text. January, 1924 -- .26 

Vol. 22. 1. A Quantitative and Statistical Study of the Plankton of the San Joaquin 
River and Its Tributaries in and near Stockton, California, in 1913, by 
Winfred Emory Allen. Pp. 1-292, plates 1-12, 1 figure in text. June, 1920. 83.00 
2. Variations in the Shell of Teredo navalis in San Francisco Bay, by Robert 
Cunningham Miller. Pp. 293-328, plates 13-17, 6 figures in text. Novem¬ 
ber, 1922 .-.60 

8. Quantitative Studies on Marine Phytoplankton at La Jolla in 1919, by 

Winfred Emory Allen. Pp. 329-347, 2 figures in text. November, 1922 .30 




















LIBRARY OF 


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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS—(Continued) 

4. On the Effect of Low Salinity on Teredo navalis, by Harold Francis Blum. 

Pp. 349-368, 4 figures in text. December, 1922.... 

5. Quantitative Studies on Inshore Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates of 

Southern California in 1920, by Winfred Emory Allen. Pp. 369-378, 
1 figure in text. 

6. Stylarioides papillosa, sp. nov., a New Annelid from the San Diego Region, 

by Christine E. Essenberg. Pp. 379-381, 8 figures in text. 

Nos. 6 and 6 in one cover. December, 1922--—.-. 

7. The Digestion of Wood by Teredo navalis, by Walter H. Dore and Robert 

C. Miller. Pp. 383-400, plate 18. February, 1923 .- 

8. Variations in the Pallets of Teredo navalis in San Francisco Bay, by Robert 

Cunningham Miller. Pp. 401-414, plates 19-20. February, 1923 . 

9. Some Tide-Water Collections of Marine Diatoms taken at Half-Hour Inter¬ 

vals near San Diego, California, by Winfred E. Allen. Pp. 413-416, 
1 figure in text. June, 1923....-- • 

10. Preliminary Statistical Report on the Occurrence of Marine Copepoda in 

the Plankton at La Jolla, California, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 417-433. 
June, 1923 ...-.—.-. ~—------—----- 

11. Studies on Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates Caught by Aid of the 

Kofoid Bucket in 1922, by Winfred Emory Allen. Pp. 435-445, 5 figures 
in text. October, 1923 ..-.-...-.•• 

12. Statistical Studies of Marine Diatoms of the San Diego Region Collected 

by U.S.S. Pioneer in Midwinter of 1923, by Winfred Emory Allen. Pp. 
445-448. November, 1923._.-.. 

13. Life Cycle of Oithona nana Reared Experimentally, by Helen E. Murphy. 

Pp. 449-464, 5 figures in text. November, 1923 —.. 

14. Morphology of the Digestive Tract of Teredo navalis, by Edgar Locke 

Lazier. Pp. 455-474, plates, 21-24. February, 1924. 

VoL 23. The Marine Decapod Crustacea of California, by Waldo L. Schmitt. Pp. 

1-470, plates 1-60, 166 figures in text. May, 1921- 

VoL 24. L A Geographical Study of the Kangaroo Rats of California, by Joseph 
Grinnell. Pp. 1-124, plates 1-7, 24 figures in text. June, 1922- 

2. Birds and Mammals of the Stikine River Region of Northern British 

Columbia and Southeastern Alaska, by H. S. Swarth. Pp. 125-314, plate 
8, 34 figures in text. June, 1922 ------ 

3. Birds and Mammals of the Skeena River Region of Northern British 

Columbia, by Harry S. Swarth. Pp. 315-394, plates 9-11, 1 figure in text. 

January, 1924 .—-.-. 

VoL 25. A Bibliography of Eugenics, by Samuel J. Holmes. Pp. 1-514. January, 1924 
VoL 26. 1. On the Family of Achiridae or Broad-Soles, with description of a new 
species, Achirus barnharti, from California, by David Starr Jordan. 
Pp. 1-14, plate 1. December, 1923... 

2. A Precipitin Test in Experimental Amoebic Dysentery in Cats, by Edna 

Hannibal Wagener. Pp. 15-20, plate 2. January, 1924 .... 

3. On the Distinctions between Endamoeba coli and Councilmania lafleuri, by 

Charles A. Kofoid, Olive Swezy, and John F. Kessel. Pp. 21-39, 24 
figures in text. January, 1924 .-.-. 

4. The Boring Mechanism of Teredo, by Robert Cunningham Miller. Pp. 41- 

80, plates 3-6, 6 figures in text. May, 1924 .-...— 

5. The Free-swimming Copepoda of San Francisco Bay, by Calvin O. Esterly. 

Pp. 81-129, 16 figures in text. May, 1924 . 

6. Fatal Effects of the Removal of the Micronucleus in Euplotes, by Charles V. 

Taylor and William P. Farber. Pp. 131-144, plate 7. May, 1924. 

7. Wood-boring Mollusks from the Hawaiian, Samoan, and Philippine Islands, 

by Robert Cunningham Miller. Pp. 145-158, plates 8-11. 

8. Wood-boring Crustacea from Hawaii and Samoa, by Robert Cunningham 

Miller. Pp. 159-164, plates 12-13. 

Nos. 7 and 8 in one cover. May, 1924 ... 

9. The Cytology of Endamoeba gingivalis (Gros) Brumpt Compared with that 

of E. dysenteriae with Special Reference to the Determination of the 
Amoebas in Bone Marrow in Arthritis deformans of Ely’s Second Type, by 
Charles A. Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 165-198, plates 14-18, 1 figure 
in text. June, 1924 .-. 

10. Morphology and Mitosis of Dinenympha fimbriata sp. nov., by Harold 

Kirby, Jr. Pp. 199-220, plates 19-22. June, 1924 . 

11. Karyamoeba falcata, a New Amoeba from the Human Intestinal Tract, by 

Charles A. Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 221-242, plates 23-24, 2 figures 
in text. June, 1924 .----- 

12. Surface Catches of Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates made in 1923 by 

U.S.S. Pioneer between San Diego and Seattle, by Winfred Emory Allen. 
Pp. 243-248, plate 25. June, 1924 ... 


.35 


.25 

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.25 

.25 

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£5 
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5.00 
L75 

2.50 

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6.00 

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£6 

.46 

.60 

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